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selling water access entitlements, also often called water rights. The terms of the trade can be either permanent or temporary, depending on the legal status of the water rights. Some of the western states of the United States, Chile, South Africa, Australia and Spain's Canary Islands have water trading schemes. Some consider Australia's to be the most sophisticated and effective in the world. Some other countries, especially in South Asia, also have informal water trading schemes. Water markets tend to be local and informal, as opposed to more formal schemes.〔 Some economists argue that water trading can promote more efficient water allocation because a market based price acts as an incentive for users to allocate resources from low value activities to high value activities. There are debates about the extent to which water markets operate efficiently in practice, what the social and environmental outcomes of water trading schemes are, and the ethics of applying economic principles to a resource such as water. In the United States, water trading takes on several forms that differ from project to project, and are dependent upon the history, geography, and other factors of the area. Water law in many western U.S. states is based in the doctrine of "prior appropriation," or "first in time, first in use." Economists argue that this has created inefficiency in the way water is allocated, especially as urban populations increase and in times of drought. Water markets are promoted as a way to correct these inefficiencies. In addition to the supply of tap water, many local water resources are also being acquired by private companies, most notably Nestlé Waters with its numerous brands, in order to provide commodity for the bottled water industry. This industry, which often bottles common ground water and sells it as spring water, competes with local communities for access to their water supplies, and is accused of reselling the water at drastically higher prices compared to what citizens pay for tap water.〔(Little Ego-Gnome: Brand Awareness )〕〔(Jakarta Globe: Nestle Uses Social Media for Bottled Water, Palm Oil Damage Control )〕〔(The Council of Canadians Acting for Social Justice: U of A appointment and degree for Nestle Chairman facing international backlash. Over 70 organizations from more than 20 countries condemn Brabeck-Letmathe honorary degree )〕〔(The Council of Canadians Acting for Social Justice: Nestlé chair invited to join who’s who of water privateers on new University of Alberta water board )〕〔(INFACT Quebec: University of Alberta to Award Nestlé Chairman Honorary Award. Letter from Carole Dobrich, INFACT Quebec President to University of Alberta President Samarasekara and Chancellor Hughes )〕〔(Salida Citizen: Stop Nestlé’s water grab, or let them help themselves? )〕〔(ICMR India (IBS Centre for Management Research): Nestle's Social Irresponsibility in Developing Nations )〕〔(Glen Arbor Sun: RUMBLES ON ICE MOUNTAIN )〕〔(Chronicle Extra: Nestle raises stakes in bottled water battle )〕〔(Press Herald (Maine Today): Water deal too sweet? )〕〔(US Water News: Group plans water-extraction tax, asks state support )〕〔(Wicked Local: Water fight already rages over Wekepeke )〕 ==Water trading markets== Water trading is a voluntary exchange or transfer of a quantifiable water allocation between a willing buyer and seller. In a water trading market, the seller holds a water right or entitlement that is surplus to its current water demand, and the buyer faces a water deficit and is willing to pay to meet its water demand. Local exchanges that occur for short durations between neighbors are considered "spot markets" and may operate under rules different from water rights trading markets.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water trading」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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